Physics
Unit 3 & 4 — VCAA Formula Sheet, Solver, Practice Questions
Click a formula to use it in the solver.
v = u + atUse →Velocity with constant acceleration
v: final velocity (m/s)
u: initial velocity (m/s)
a: acceleration (m/s²)
t: time (s)
s = ut + ½at²Use →Displacement with constant acceleration
s: displacement (m)
u: initial velocity (m/s)
a: acceleration (m/s²)
t: time (s)
v² = u² + 2asUse →Velocity-displacement relation
v: final velocity (m/s)
u: initial velocity (m/s)
a: acceleration (m/s²)
s: displacement (m)
s = ½(u + v)tUse →Average velocity displacement
s: displacement (m)
u: initial velocity (m/s)
v: final velocity (m/s)
t: time (s)
p = mvUse →Momentum
p: momentum (kg·m/s)
m: mass (kg)
v: velocity (m/s)
F = maUse →Newton's Second Law
F: net force (N)
m: mass (kg)
a: acceleration (m/s²)
Impulse = FΔt = ΔpUse →Impulse-momentum theorem
F: force (N)
Δt: time interval (s)
Δp: change in momentum (kg·m/s)
W = Fs cos θUse →Work done by a force
W: work (J)
F: force (N)
s: displacement (m)
θ: angle between F and s
KE = ½mv²Use →Kinetic energy
KE: kinetic energy (J)
m: mass (kg)
v: speed (m/s)
GPE = mghUse →Gravitational potential energy
GPE: gravitational PE (J)
m: mass (kg)
g: 9.8 m/s²
h: height (m)
P = W/t = FvUse →Power
P: power (W)
W: work (J)
t: time (s)
F: force (N)
v: velocity (m/s)
v = 2πr/TUse →Speed in circular motion
v: speed (m/s)
r: radius (m)
T: period (s)
a = v²/r = 4π²r/T²Use →Centripetal acceleration
a: acceleration (m/s²)
v: speed (m/s)
r: radius (m)
T: period (s)
F = mv²/rUse →Centripetal force
F: centripetal force (N)
m: mass (kg)
v: speed (m/s)
r: radius (m)
F = Gm₁m₂/r²Use →Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation
F: gravitational force (N)
G: 6.674 × 10⁻¹¹ N·m²/kg²
m₁, m₂: masses (kg)
r: separation (m)
g = GM/r²Use →Gravitational field strength
g: field strength (N/kg or m/s²)
G: gravitational constant
M: mass of body (kg)
r: distance from centre (m)
GPE = -GMm/rUse →Gravitational potential energy
GPE: gravitational PE (J)
G: gravitational constant
M: larger mass (kg)
m: smaller mass (kg)
r: separation (m)
F = kq₁q₂/r²Use →Coulomb's Law
F: electrostatic force (N)
k: 8.99 × 10⁹ N·m²/C²
q₁, q₂: charges (C)
r: separation (m)
E = F/q = kQ/r²Use →Electric field strength
E: electric field (N/C or V/m)
F: force (N)
q: test charge (C)
k: Coulomb constant
Q: source charge (C)
V = kQ/rUse →Electric potential
V: electric potential (V)
k: Coulomb constant
Q: charge (C)
r: distance (m)
W = qΔVUse →Work done moving a charge
W: work (J)
q: charge (C)
ΔV: potential difference (V)
E = V/dUse →Uniform electric field
E: electric field (V/m)
V: voltage (V)
d: separation (m)
F = qvB sin θUse →Force on moving charge in magnetic field
F: force (N)
q: charge (C)
v: velocity (m/s)
B: magnetic field (T)
θ: angle between v and B
F = BIl sin θUse →Force on current-carrying conductor
F: force (N)
B: magnetic field (T)
I: current (A)
l: length (m)
θ: angle between I and B
τ = nBIAUse →Torque on current loop
τ: torque (N·m)
n: number of turns
B: magnetic field (T)
I: current (A)
A: area (m²)
Φ = BA cos θUse →Magnetic flux
Φ: magnetic flux (Wb)
B: magnetic field (T)
A: area (m²)
θ: angle between B and normal to area
EMF = -ΔΦ/ΔtUse →Faraday's Law
EMF: induced EMF (V)
ΔΦ: change in flux (Wb)
Δt: time interval (s)
EMF = -nΔΦ/ΔtUse →Faraday's Law for coil
n: number of turns
ΔΦ: change in flux (Wb)
Δt: time interval (s)
Vp/Vs = Np/NsUse →Transformer voltage ratio
Vp: primary voltage (V)
Vs: secondary voltage (V)
Np: primary turns
Ns: secondary turns
VpIp = VsIsUse →Transformer power (ideal)
Vp: primary voltage (V)
Ip: primary current (A)
Vs: secondary voltage (V)
Is: secondary current (A)
V = IRUse →Ohm's Law
V: voltage (V)
I: current (A)
R: resistance (Ω)
P = VI = I²R = V²/RUse →Electrical power
P: power (W)
V: voltage (V)
I: current (A)
R: resistance (Ω)
E = PtUse →Electrical energy
E: energy (J)
P: power (W)
t: time (s)
V_rms = V_peak/√2Use →RMS voltage (AC)
V_rms: RMS voltage (V)
V_peak: peak voltage (V)
I_rms = I_peak/√2Use →RMS current (AC)
I_rms: RMS current (A)
I_peak: peak current (A)
v = fλUse →Wave equation
v: wave speed (m/s)
f: frequency (Hz)
λ: wavelength (m)
T = 1/fUse →Period-frequency relation
T: period (s)
f: frequency (Hz)
n = c/vUse →Refractive index
n: refractive index
c: 3 × 10⁸ m/s
v: speed in medium (m/s)
n₁ sin θ₁ = n₂ sin θ₂Use →Snell's Law
n₁, n₂: refractive indices
θ₁, θ₂: angles of incidence/refraction
d sin θ = mλUse →Diffraction grating
d: slit spacing (m)
θ: angle (°)
m: order number
λ: wavelength (m)
Δx = λL/dUse →Double-slit fringe spacing
Δx: fringe spacing (m)
λ: wavelength (m)
L: screen distance (m)
d: slit separation (m)
E = hfUse →Photon energy
E: energy (J)
h: 6.626 × 10⁻³⁴ J·s
f: frequency (Hz)
E = hf = hc/λUse →Photon energy (with wavelength)
E: energy (J)
h: Planck constant
c: 3 × 10⁸ m/s
λ: wavelength (m)
KE_max = hf - φUse →Photoelectric effect
KE_max: max kinetic energy of electrons (J)
hf: photon energy (J)
φ: work function (J)
λ = h/p = h/mvUse →de Broglie wavelength
λ: de Broglie wavelength (m)
h: Planck constant
p: momentum (kg·m/s)
m: mass (kg)
v: speed (m/s)
t' = t₀/√(1 - v²/c²) = γt₀Use →Time dilation
t': dilated time (s)
t₀: proper time (s)
v: relative speed (m/s)
c: 3 × 10⁸ m/s
γ: Lorentz factor
L = L₀√(1 - v²/c²) = L₀/γUse →Length contraction
L: contracted length (m)
L₀: proper length (m)
v: relative speed (m/s)
γ: Lorentz factor
γ = 1/√(1 - v²/c²)Use →Lorentz factor
γ: Lorentz factor (dimensionless)
v: relative speed (m/s)
c: 3 × 10⁸ m/s
E = mc²Use →Mass-energy equivalence
E: energy (J)
m: mass (kg)
c: 3 × 10⁸ m/s
E_total = γmc²Use →Total relativistic energy
E_total: total energy (J)
γ: Lorentz factor
m: rest mass (kg)
c: speed of light
E_kinetic = (γ - 1)mc²Use →Relativistic kinetic energy
E_kinetic: kinetic energy (J)
γ: Lorentz factor
m: rest mass (kg)